Functional Area Interrelationships Research Paper

Functional Area Interrelationships - Research Paper Example Tired of frequently travelling, she thought to open her own food store. She realized that there was plenty of opportunity for epicurean food shop, thus Kudler Fine Foods was born. Kudler Fine Foods is a local specialty food store and at the moment they are operating three stores, and are located in San Diego metropolitan area. They deal in; From their vision and mission statements it is evident that, they are purely customer oriented. Their business revolves around making the customers satisfied and not just raking in the profits. When the customers are happy, cash flows in on its own. Their mission states that they search the whole world to find the best foods and then they bring it to their stores for the convenience of the customers. One might think that they should be really expensive if they travel the world and hand pick food items, but the reality is quite the opposite. In fact, their stores are known for suiting all sorts of budget lines. When people find anything a little expensive, they can easily make an economical bundle of the products they’re supposed to buy so that they don’t feel deprived. Kudler Fine Food’s organizational structure comprises of groups of management personnel to achieve one common goal and that is the fulfillment of customers, which is the cause. And the effect is healthy profits in both long and short terms. Just like any conventional organization, Kudler Foods operates under a normal chain of command. A typical organizational hierarchy exists in this company. But this doesn’t mean that they don’t have any improvisation. The chain of command runs from top to bottom. Senior managers delegates work to junior managers and if appropriate, the junior managers can further delegates work to sub-managers. Kathy Kudler sits at the top and holds the presidential chair. From that top spot, she commands the whole structure of the company. The core organizational structure is

Psychology Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay Psychodynamic: One advantage of psychodynamic therapy is the relationship that is formed between the psychologist and the patient. The patient is able to form trust in the psychologist which makes it easier for them to talk about their problems. Another advantage is the ability for the psychologist to give a human opinion. They can tell the client what they think is best for them specific to the client’s needs. Client-centered: The advantage of this is the fact that the client is the one to guide him or herself. The psychologist is only there to channel the person’s thoughts but not to judge, direct, or interpret them. Secondly, this procedure is very encouraging. It gives the client a feeling of acceptance and makes them think that there is hope to be cured. Counterconditioning: An advantage of counterconditioning is that it makes the person face the fear that consumes them. In exposure therapies, the person is put in the situation that he or she fears and is forced to face it and act in a calm manor. The second advantage would be that the person is conditioned to shy away from a problem. An unwanted response is paired with a problem (such as an addiction) which will make the person not want to go back to that problematic item. Cognitive-behavioral: The advantage of this psychotherapy is that incorporates the functioning of the brain and finding out how they can change its function to change the mood of the patient. This goes onto more of a biological level, providing treatment that can be administered medically instead of only speaking to a psychologist. The other advantage of this is that it will alter the way the person acts altogether. They will become calm if they are anxious and or make people aware of their negativity and teach them to replace it with positive thoughts.

Heavy Metal in the 1980s Essay -- essays research papers

Heavy metal in the 1980’s is hard to describe. Its static style did not change much from the 1970’s, but the lyrics, image, and theatrics took a step forward. Heavy metal had a huge impact in the 1980’s and there were many successful bands. Van Halen took heavy metal to new heights. After more than two decades of playing sold-out concert halls, selling millions of albums and enduring various lineup changes and solo projects, Van Halen is recognized as one of the most resilient and successful rock bands to emerge from the 1970s and continue into the 1980’s. Eddie and Alex Van Halen were raised in Pasadena, the children of Dutch immigrants who immigrated to California in 1967. The Van Halen brothers grew up taking classical piano lessons. Eddie played guitar and Alex played the drums as teenagers. In 1974, they hooked up with David Lee Roth (vocals) and Michael Anthony (bass), while gigging around town in their band Mammoth. Within a few years, they had become one of the most popular bands on the Los Angeles scene. Fans packed L.A.'s smoky rock clubs to check out Eddie's unconventional guitar riffs and Roth's over-the-top showmanship. In 1976, Gene Simmons noticed the group at a local club and gave them a recording session, and soon after Van Halen was signed to Waner Bros. Their debut album, Van Halen, was released in 1978 and included the hit singles "Runnin' With the Devil" and a cover of the Kinks' "You Really Got Me." Eddie Van Halen took electric guitar technique to new heights with his patented two-handed tapping and pull-off effects, while Roth's tongue-in-cheek histrionics proved to be a refreshing alternative in an industry chock full of self-important rock stars. Within six months of its release, Van Halen was certified platinum. The album not only launched Van Halen's career, but it came to influence countless American rock bands during the next decade. During the next few years, Van Halen became one of the hardest working and most profitable bands in the recording industry, releasing a string of multi-platinum albums in quick succession; 1979's Van Halen II, 1980's Women and Children First, 1981's Fair Warning and 1982's Diver Down. But it was the album 1984, released on New Year's Day of that year that solidified the band's superstar status. The album contained the mega-hits "Jump," "Panama" and "H... ...rive for debut US tours to open for, respectively, Pat Travers, Judas Priest, Ted Nugent and AC/DC. In August, Def Leppard returns to the UK to play at the Reading Festival. The crowd, convinced that the band have sold out to the Yankee Dollar and turned their backs on their home country, greet them with a rain of tomatoes and beer cans. Def Leppard released many albums such as, Pyromania with the single â€Å"Photograph,† and Hysteria with singles such as "Women", "Animal", "Pour Some Sugar On Me", "Love Bites", "Armageddon It", "Hysteria" and "Rocket". Def Leppard was an English band that showed the other bands how it was done. Their career started in 1977 and continued through 2002 with the â€Å"X† tour. Heavy metal is an amazing thing that took its unique and amazing sounds to new heights. Unfortunately due to highly commercialized excess driven hair bands the genre was sent in to another decline where the music would be reabsorbed into new genres. By around 1990 most heavy metal had evolved into other rock genres like hard rock, grunge, gothic rock, gothic metal, thrash metal, speed metal, doom metal, and nu metal.

False Memory Essay -- distorted memory, fabricated recollections

Memory is one of the most critical parts of cognition. It is important because it is involved in almost every aspect of cognition including problem solving, decision making, attention, and perception. Because of this importance, people rely on one’s memory to make important decisions. The value of one’s memory in this society is so high that it is used as evidence to either save one’s life or kill one’s life during murder trials. But as many of the cognitive psychologists know, human’s memory can cause many errors. One of these errors is false memory which is either remembering events that never happened or remembering events differently from the actual event. This finding of false memory raised big interests among psychologists and general public and many researches were done in order to find more about the false memory. The constructive approach to memory, which states that memory is constructed by person based on what really happened in addition to person’s other knowledge, experiences, and expectations, supports the idea of false memory. Just like what constructive approach to memory states, the false memory can be created by person’s knowledge, common biases, and suggestions. The present study was done in order to demonstrate one methodology that biases people to create and recall false memories. The present study is based on Deese’s experiment in 1959 and also on Roediger and McDermott’s experiment in 1995. The participants will be presented with sequence of words visually, and then they would have to classify a set of words as either in the sequence or not in the sequence. Our hypothesis is that people will create false memories and recall distractor words that are related to the sequence of words presented significantly m... ...re I think if the participants are not aware of it, the false recall rate will increase. And if there are more words presented, my assume is that it will increase the false recall rate. We can imply this finding of false memory in many ways in our lives. We all should note that our memory cannot be trusted 100% and we should not solely rely on our memory when it comes to making critical decisions. Just like the murder trial example used in earlier, when it comes to eye witnessing, the judge should take possible false memory into account when making the final decisions and try to obtain objective evidence along with the memory of the witness. Works Cited Roediger, H. L. III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814

Learning from a New Experience Essay

As human beings, we learn most of the things that we know from experience. New experiences give us new knowledge, enabling us to correct our mistaken beliefs in the past and to increase our awareness. It is only proper to open ourselves to new experiences so that we can be able to acquire better knowledge and to align our actions and thoughts with the right things in life, making us better individuals in the process. I recall a previous incident in my life where I learned a couple of new things. At first, I was hesitant to give myself the chance to encounter a new experience because I was afraid of the possible consequences that can be harmful on my part. However, I was assured by my friends that there was nothing to worry about because, in the first place, what we were about to do was not a bad thing. We decided to proceed with cleaning our backyards as a group, transferring from one backyard to another. We lived in a small neighborhood so the task was not entirely difficult although I would have to say it felt physically exhausting. The reason for that is because I rarely help in doing the chores in our house. Since I was busy most of the time attending to my academic requirements and to my friends, I had very little experience in cleaning the house, let alone sweeping the leaves in the backyard. With the help of my friends, we were able to clean our respective backyards. As an individual, I was able to learn a few things about keeping the house clean and maintaining the neatness of my surroundings. Moreover, I was able to fulfill the task and to have fun at the same time. I enjoyed cleaning my own backyard and the backyard of my friends since the fun moments seemed to lighten our load. I was wrong in thinking that I will only tire and dirty myself without getting anything important in return. In fact, I learned the simple things that can be done in order to keep our backyard clean. While they may be simple, I am fairly certain that such little knowledge is precious enough to help me as I grow older. I might get dirty and tire myself from time to time, but I think what is more important is the thought of having clean and healthy surroundings for a clean and healthy life. From that incident, I can confidently say that it is important to open ourselves to new things so that we can acquire new experiences. It is never enough for us to settle with what we already know and hold on to that knowledge until we grow old. If there are much better things to learn, I cannot see any reason why we should resist change. However, we should make sure that the new experiences that we are about to try are experiences that are not only beneficial but are also good. Trying new experiences that are inherently harmful and bad should not be taken just for the sake of trying. In my case, cleaning the backyard was a new experience for me and I tried it with the full confidence from my friends that it was not a bad thing to do. On the contrary, it was both beneficial and good. It is only natural for human beings to try and be open to new experiences since it is part of our natural instinct, I think, to understand and learn what is yet unknown. If we hold ourselves back from experiencing new things that could help us along the way, we deprive ourselves of the chance to become better individuals.

How to Become an Anesthesia Technician

How to Become an Anesthesia Technician When you think about surgery, you might think of the scene how it’s often portrayed on TV- a surgeon, plus one or two nurses assisting. In reality, surgery requires a team of professionals: people to set up the operating room and equipment, someone to prep the patient, at least one surgeon, surgical nurses, surgical assistants, and (last but not least) anesthesiologists and anesthesia technicians who ensure that the patient is out cold and feels none of the pain of what’s going on. Every team member is an essential part of every surgery. All of these surgical team professionals have a major part to play in the healthcare industry, so if you’re looking for a solid healthcare career path, it’s time to think about whether you should become an anesthesia technician.The Role of Anesthesia TechniciansAn anesthesia technician (â€Å"tech† for short) is an allied health professional who works with the anesthesiologist and other operating room team members t o make sure that patients are sedated and properly anesthetized before surgery. Anesthesia technicians handle many of the practical (technical) details of anesthetizing patients, allowing the anesthesiologist to focus more fully on the patient’s needs. Anesthesia technicians’ responsibilities may include:Preparing equipment in the operating roomMaintaining equipment and troubleshooting as necessaryTesting and maintaining equipment ahead of surgeryManaging operating room supply inventoryPreparing anesthesia drugs under the direction of the anesthesiologistConnecting and operating equipment that monitors patients’ vital signs during surgeryAssisting with IVs and airway devicesHelping to transfer patients to post-op care roomsBasically, if it involves patient anesthesia or monitoring patients while they’re under sedation, the anesthesia tech has a hand in it. Anesthesia techs typically work in hospital settings, but they may also be found in private clinics/ doctors’ offices or outpatient care facilities.The BenefitsBecoming an anesthesia technician brings many of the benefits of an allied health career path:A growing industry. The healthcare field is expanding all the time, with greater demand for medical professionals at every level.A varied day-to-day. Patients change, their needs change, and every day has its own set of challenges.A stable work environment. Hospitals will always need to be staffed with qualified professionals, and typically provide a clean, quiet workspace.A path for advancement. Working as an anesthesia tech opens the door to other healthcare/surgical jobs, especially with certification.No four-year degree required. Anesthesia technicians usually have a high school degree plus specialized training and classes.The QualificationsBecause anesthesia technicians are working in a high-stress environment and handling life-or-death details, this is a job that has some very specific requirements. After all, you donâ €™t want Joe Schmo off the street holding your vital signs in his hands while you’re on the operating table. As an anesthesia tech, you can expect these preliminary requirements:A high school degree (or equivalent), minimumAn associate’s degree in an accredited Anesthesia Tech program may be preferredCompletion of a training program and at least 1 year of clinical internships and apprenticeshipsFor more on schools and training programs that offer degrees for Anesthesia Technicians, see the American Society of Anesthesia Technologists and Technicians (ASATT) for the most up-to-date information on available programs.Anesthesia technicians may also choose to get certified by the ASATT. To get this certification, you’d need to pass the ASATT’s national certification exam, in addition to having a high school diploma, 2+ years of experience, and completion of an anesthesia tech program or degree that includes clinical training. The certification is optional , but it could help with career advancement and give anesthesia techs an edge when it comes to seeking more opportunities in the field.This is also a job that requires a rather specific skill set. If you’re thinking about becoming an anesthesia technician, you should have these skills (or be willing to build them in the meantime):Verbal and written communication skillsProblem solving skills in high-pressure situationsComputer skillsComfort  with technology and mechanicsBiomedical equipment skillsA background in math, science, pharmacology, and medical terminologyMaking the DecisionIf you’ve got the baseline skills and are thinking of committing to this path of becoming an anesthesia technician, it’s time to think about the whole picture.Are you comfortable in a fast-paced, pressure-filled medical environment with potential crisis situations?Are you extremely detail-oriented?Are you unfazed by blood and bodily fluids in your professional environment?Are you abl e to keep calm and do what you need to do no matter what’s going on around you?Can you commit to the education and training it takes to become an anesthesia tech?Can you work well as a member of a team and under the direction of doctors and surgeons?Do you have good mechanical skills and a knack for troubleshooting tricky equipment?Are you willing and able to keep on top of medical equipment and technology trends?If the answer to all of these is â€Å"yes,† then you should seriously consider pursuing a career in anesthesia technician. If you’re seeing a lot of â€Å"maybe†s, â€Å"probably†s, or â€Å"uhhhh†¦no†s, then the good news is that there are tons of other healthcare career opportunities that might fit you better.The OutlookOnce you’ve figured out whether you’re personally equipped to make this your career path, you also need to figure out if it’s worth your future investment- after all, you don’t wan t to invest your time, energy, and education money in a career that’s going to stall out on you down the line. Like most other healthcare fields, the demand for anesthesia techs is growing; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that jobs in related surgical technology fields will grow by about 15% by 2024. And not only is the field stable, but it’s also a solid salary choice as well: $38,700 is the median salary. Certified anesthesia technicians can make more, as can techs with significant experience, so there are plenty of opportunities for growth and advancement once you’re in the door.If you decide that becoming an anesthesia technician is the path for you, great! You’re on your way to a demanding-but-fulfilling career. Good luck!

Meg Whitman Case Essay Example

Meg Whitman Case Essay Example Meg Whitman Case Paper Meg Whitman Case Paper Finally, I will discuss how the employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style. Discuss how Meg Whitman leadership reflects transaction leadership. Transaction leadership Involves motivating and directing primarily through appealing to employees self-interest. Whitman shows this by her employees being cheerful and formal but at the same time hardworking and successful. Whitman being the CEO of eBay shows she has the primary power of being a transactional leader, which comes from their formal authority in the organization. Whitman also focuses on the basic management of controlling, organizing, and short-term lancing. When a manager was asked what It like Is to report to Whitman, he replied l have numbers, I know them. Theyre very clear. And the expectations are high (Organizational Behavior, 2009). This shows that Whitman focuses on controlling, organizing, and short-term planning by the way managers report to Whitman. A manager being comfortable with reporting to his CEO also shows that Whitman has an effective way of motivating her employees. There are five practices In which effective transactional leaders are likely to engage in. Two of these practices are in the form of questions. They are, what needs to be done and what is right. During Whitman first arrival at eBay, she promised to transform eBay from an online auction house Into a much bigger, general-purpose shopping destination. Whitman considered these two questions when considering this promise. The third practice is they develop action plans. Whitman had a plan through a promise which she put In action by acquiring Stub, Online Classifieds, Shopping. Com, Rent. Com, Seep, and Papal. In the case, a manager commented: Several years ago we were a secondary collectibles marketplace. Now were a trading platform. The change In those several years Is a result of decisions made by Whitman of acquiring certain companies. The fourth practice is they take responsibility for their decisions. Whitman commented: Im a netter leader, a netter manager, a netter executive than when I earlier as a youngster. I have learned how to manage a company that reinvents itself every couple of years (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Whitman comment could not be made without her learning from her mistakes and bad decisions in the past and taking responsibility for them. The fifth practice is they take responsibility for communicating. Under Whitman leadership, eBay comes up with a lot of good ideas through communicating, but they think opening up the platform makes eBay stronger, better, as other people develop applications to the platform. Whitman leadership shows that she takes responsibility for communicating. Identify the aspects of Meg Whitman leadership that reflect authentic leadership. An aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is that Whitman knows and understands herself. Whitman shows this my making a promise hen she first arrives at eBay and making her promise come true. Whitman also learned from her mistakes and became a better CEO as time went on. Whitman success would not be possible if she did not know and understand herself. The second aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is Whitman knowing what she believes and values. Whitman shows this by making the company more diverse resulting in the encouragement and respect of diverse viewpoints. Whitman also earned credibility by making eBay more successful and a fun and cheerful place to work. This allows Whitman the ability to have more employees to trust and follow her (Organizational Behavior, 2009). The third aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is Whitman acting on her values and beliefs through open and honest communication with subordinates and others. Whitman managers report to her with numbers ready and clear because Whitman has a craving for statistics. Whitman has more a craving for bottom line results. Whitman having this belief and her subordinates following her belief shows she covers this aspect. Whitman looks for employees that re energize by the mission of the company. Whitman value and belief of the mission is openly and honestly communicated through her hiring process (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Discuss how Meg Whitman leadership reflects transformational leadership. Meg Whitman leadership reflects transformational leadership by anticipating future trends, inspiring followers to understand and embrace a new vision of possibilities, developing others to be leaders or better leaders, and building the organization or group into a community of challenged and rewarded learners Organizational Behavior, 2009). Meg Whitman shows this by leading eBay to stick to their business plan with no inception. Also Whitman makes sure the company stays focused on their goals. Whitman promise to transform eBay from an online auction house into a much bigger, general-purpose shopping destination was achieved (Organizational Behavior, 2009). This shows that Whitman anticipated future trends and inspired followers to embrace her vision of new possibilities with understanding. Discuss how Meg Whitman used her leadership skills to transform the company from an online auction souse into a general purpose shopping destination company. Meg Whitman used her leadership skills to transform the company from an online Acton nouns Into a general purpose snooping standalone company Day continuously expanding the eBay marketplace and new services in communities around the world. Another action Whitman took to achieve this was acquiring Shopping. Com, Rent. Com, Papal, Stub, Online Classifieds, and Seep (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Whitman acquiring all these companies helps expand eBays marketplace. Whitman also does this by makes the company more diverse which increases new ideas and alps the company be more successful. Discuss how the employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style. The employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style in a positive way. Whitman leadership results in employees being cheerful and formal. Whitman leadership style is also expressed through eBays casual work environment. Whitman success in the company by increasing profits and diversity in a successful way shows that employees and follow her leadership style. Whitman caring leadership style is shown by her sticking with her employees through thick ND thin by staying by an ill employees side until he stabilized.

The Marginal Abatement Cost Economics Essay Essay Example

The Marginal Abatement Cost Economics Essay Essay Example The Marginal Abatement Cost Economics Essay Essay The Marginal Abatement Cost Economics Essay Essay Environmental outwardnesss such as pollution have become a large issue all around the universe. This essay will concentrate on how assorted options such as marketable licenses, the Command and Control Approach, revenue enhancements and subsidies and The Coase Theorem can be used to undertake this job. A marketable or a movable pollution license is a measure instrument, issued by the authorities, which allows houses to foul at a degree that is marginally cost-efficient. Low emitting houses are able to sell excess licenses and high emitting houses are able to buy extra licenses. There are many advantages and disadvantages of marketable licenses. First, by apportioning licenses and leting regulators create a market for emanations, they have created market value where there was antecedently no market value. This market value makes breathing pollution a house disbursal which they would wish to optimally pull off. The ability to purchase and sell licenses encourages houses to put in pollution suspension and be more efficient ; it besides rewards houses for cut downing pollution alternatively of penalizing all houses. Second, if there is rising prices in the economic system, the monetary value of license will set automatically for rising prices whereas the revenue enhancement rates would necessitate changeless accommodations for rising prices. However the disadvantages of marketable licenses are foremost they may move as barrier to entry, if big houses buy more licenses than they need to, this will do it hard for possible entrants to buy the licenses they would necessitate to come in the industry. Second the market for licenses tends to be national in range and establishes one monetary value for a license. This is right if the pollution takes the signifier of an aggregative outwardness but most signifiers of pollution are local or regional in their impacts. Pollution revenue enhancement and marketable pollution licenses are really similar policy ordinances. They both rely on monetary value signals and supply inducements for emitters to cut down the costs they impose on society. Pigouvian revenue enhancements involve puting a charge per unit of emanations equal to the entire value of the fringy environmental harm caused by an excess unit of emanations. By enforcing a revenue enhancement on each unit of emanations, houses will hold an inducement to cut down their emanations until they reach a point where profit/loss due to unit decrease in emanations is equal to the harm involved. The figure below shows how both emanations revenue enhancement and marketable licenses try to accomplish the same degree of emanations with minimal costs. MD-Marginal Damage MAC- Marginal Abatement Cost The point E0 is the degree of emanations that would be achieved if emanation control policy ( houses have no inducement to cut down emanation and MAC peers nothing ) is non involved. The point E* is the optimum degree of emanations where the fringy harm of an excess unit of emanations peers to the fringy costs of cut downing one excess unit of emanations. E* can be achieved by enforcing an emanation revenue enhancement ( T ) on each unit of emanations, houses would so happen it really dearly-won to pay the revenue enhancement and would prefer to follow steps that cut down their emanations from E0 to E. Similarly the optimum degree can be reached if the authorities issues a sufficient figure of marketable licenses to make the degree of emanations equal to E. Thus the two ordinances will take to the same result cut downing emanations to the optimum degree at minimal cost. An emanations revenue enhancement requires that a house s emanations to be monitored and in some instances, it is hard to supervise emanations revenue enhancement for e.g. husbandmans usage of fertilizers and pesticides. Some of the waste merchandises may flux into local rivers fouling the H2O. It would be non possible to supervise this overflow and buttocks husbandmans a charge for their emanations nevertheless it is possible to enforce a revenue enhancement on these merchandises when they are sold ( revenue enhancement imposed indirectly ) . In pattern, marketable licenses are a more favorable method of supplying economic inducements for pollution control compared to revenue enhancements. Licenses are attractive because they avoid some of the jobs of pollution revenue enhancements. Even where a criterion is set and revenue enhancements are used to accomplish it, there are hazards that the revenue enhancement will non be estimated right. Marketable licenses do nt necessitate the te st and mistake accommodation of revenue enhancements to accomplish the coveted aggregative degree of emanations. As mentioned above, if there is rising prices in the economic system, the existent value of pollution revenue enhancements will alter ; on the other manus, permits respond to provide and demand, rising prices is already taken attention of. Taxes would necessitate accommodation because of entry to and issue from the industry whereas licenses adjust readily to such alterations. Taxs are used as a punishment on emanations whereas marketable licenses and subsidy attack are used to honor houses for the decrease of emanations. Environmental subsidies are per unit payments to houses for cut downing their emanations. It can promote the development and usage of pollution control engineerings and the publicity of energy preservation and efficiency. A subsidy involves a transportation of financess from the authorities while a revenue enhancement plan would be a gross beginning for the authorities. Some types of subsidies include grants, low involvement loans, favorable revenue enhancement intervention etc. Under a subsidy system, houses have an inducement to bring forth at the societal optimal degree ( the point where the fringy societal benefit peers the fringy societal cost of production ) which would hold been expensive to a house prior to the subsidy. The major drawback of this system is that giving subsidies to houses may promote inefficiency as houses may trus t to a great extent on a subsidy plan and its cancellation can do economic adversity. In some utmost state of affairss pollution control subsidies could hold the perverse consequence of increasing entire pollution. Another option is the bid and control attack which is a method in which the authorities informs the house how much pollution it can let go of or requires the house to follow specific engineerings aimed to cut down their emanations. These controls are normally mandatory and enforced though licensing and punishments for non-compliance. The chief advantage of utilizing this attack is that, when it is decently implemented and enforced, it provides a clear result. This ordinance has utmost flexibleness in commanding complex environmental jobs ; it can modulate each single house, location etc. It besides avoids ambiguity with regard to tauten inducements ; houses are told precisely how to set end product. And eventually this ordinance is really easy monitored compared to revenue enhancement. However this attack is considered to be inefficient and has many drawbacks. First, it is really hard to implement and really expensive to administrate. These lifting costs have made this ordinance less attractive compared to other economic instruments such marketable licenses or revenue enhancement. Second it lacks ways to accomplish equal fringy control costs across houses or requires a batch of information to accomplish equal fringy control costs. Finally, houses who are capable to these ordinances may hold really small pick or no pick in how to make these environmental ends hence there is no inducement to research new and originative ways that might cut down their emanations. Incentives systems such as marketable licenses can carry through decreases in emanations at a much lower cost than the bid and control attack. A house that has no flexibleness in the method of cut downing its emanations to a certain degree has no inducement to endeavor whereas a house confronting a marketable license has a changeless inducement to research new ways to take down its emanations. As houses search for new ways to take down their costs of cut downing emanations, the demand for licenses will fa ll, take downing the measure of emanations and therefore bettering the environmental quality even further. A concluding option is the Coase theorem, developed by Ronald Coase, which states that optimum allotment of resources is accomplishable without any authorities intercession, provided that belongings rights are good defined and dealing costs are low. Outwardness jobs will be solved expeditiously through private minutess if these two conditions hold. Once the authorities assign these rights, the houses and victims will negociate a transportation of payments between them to either accept the harm or cut down pollution on the footing of which is more profitable. Under ideal fortunes when houses and victims deal, the equilibrium degree of pollution is independent of the allotment of belongings rights. The ideal fortunes include perfect information about costs and benefits and the absence of dealing costs. Unfortunately the optimum solution believes that there is full information about the environmental deductions which is really improbable. The Coase Theorem tends to use merely when the re are little Numberss of defilers and victims. The minutess costs involved in negociating solutions would be high if more than two parties are involved. Coase s theorem says that the result will be efficient, irrespective of who has the belongings rights ; nevertheless, the part of the value received by each party differs greatly depending upon who has the belongings rights. If the houses have the right to foul, so the houses end up with most of the value, because the victims must pay the houses to cut down pollution. On the other manus, if the possible pollution victims have the right to a pollution-free environment, so the victims end up with most of the value, because the defilers must pay the victims to accept extra pollution. If society attentions about the distribution of the value, so ordinances may be needed to accomplish the coveted distribution of value.

Sentencing and Corrections System Research Paper

Sentencing and Corrections System - Research Paper Example Sentencing and Corrections System Even though rehabilitation is one of the listed purposes of sentencing, its capability to achieve the goals has been questioned at length. On the contrary, incapacitation unlike the other retribution methods is the severest form of punishment that reduces the possibility of the criminal’s reversion for a specific period of time. According to Mackenzie (2001), the world has been witnessing enormous changes in the philosophy and practice of sentencing and corrections during the last thirty years. The early twentieth century justice systems emphasized more on rehabilitation, whereas, by the end of the century emphasis was given on fairness and justice, considering sentences as necessary. With the changes of time, the concept of sentencing was altered into a crime-control method that focused on incarceration intending to reduce the amount of crime in the community. According to Mackenzie (2001), the four essential and fundamental goals attributed to the sentencing process are retr ibution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation. Retribution is based on the basic principle that those who break the law must be prosecuted. However, deterrence focuses the hardness of punishment. As a result, offenders are discouraged to commit any further crimes considering rationally the cost of punishment which is too hard. The process of Incapacitation physically confines the person into prison, providing him no further chance o commit any crime. On the other hand, rehabilitation tries to develop the offender’s behavior thinking which may prevent persons from continuing to commit crimes. The sentences frequently meet several of these objectives in practice emphasizing the priority of them. However, emphasis of the methods is given to protect the public and the mechanisms are expected to provide public safety. The objectives and goals of punishment have been changing with the passage of time; and the number of persons under the correctional supervision in the Uni ted States has been enlarging rapidly. Variations in the philosophy and practice of sentencing and corrections can create significant impacts on the imprisonment rates. In the opinion of Mackenzie (2001), some of the issues during the mid twentieth century were the arguments for abandoning the rehabilitation model as well the demand for increased crime control through incapacitation and deterrence. Proponents asked for limitation off the authority of judges and correctional administrators on moderate criminal offences and to bring minimum mandatory sentences. However, everyone agree with the notion that crime prevention with the help of incapacitations is a major justification of justice. The overall impact also considers the impact on individual offenders, who are restricted by several Federal and State laws that deny the right to vote, hold offices, and engage in particular occupations. Sentencing has been affecting the state and federal corrections system throughout the years. Th e sentencing principle focused more on incarceration, having greater impacts on the total legal structure of the nation. As Blumstein (n.d) pints out, 12 percent of the increase in incarceration rates was due to more offenses being committed. Variations in the philosophy of sentencing and correction have a dramatic impact on the criminal judicial system. Even when some States did not alter to a determinate sentencing procedure, they undertook the changes to

Cryptography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cryptography - Research Paper Example Security requires constant and periodic changes to pace up and counter the threats that are ever increasing. We will use blowfish algorithm with the Secure Socket layer v3. Similarly, cryptography also goes with the same approach of upgrading new state of the art encryption algorithms one after another and from safe to the safest, so that it cannot be cracked. The tool utilized in this scenario is ‘keepass’ that is an open source tool for storing all the passwords in a database that is encrypted (Popov). The database can also be encrypted by blow fish (Anonymous2007, 71-71), as it incorporates no weak keys and the design is simple and understandable that supports analysis, algorithm integrity and repeatable block ciphers (Anderson. n.d). Likewise, block ciphers are 64 bits in length with variable length keys. S-boxes are dependent on large keys that are more resilient to cryptanalysis (Anderson. n.d). Moreover, permutations are key dependent with a support of diverse ope rations associated with mathematics that is integrated with XOR and addition (Anderson). For attacking the encrypted files, hacker can use many attack methods for retrieving the password files stored in the database maintained by ‘keepass’. The plaintext and cipher text methods of attacks incorporates a cryptanalyst that has an access to plaintext and the conforming cipher text and pursues to find association in between the two. Whereas, a cipher text is associated with an attack in which cryptanalyst is accessible to cipher text and do not have access to conforming plaintext. Hacker can use generic ciphers such as Caesar, frequency analysis for cracking the cipher on mission critical system. Moreover, hacker can also use a plaintext and chosen cipher text attack for retrieving the passwords. This type of attack incorporates a cryptanalyst that is capable of encrypting a plaintext of choice and examines the results of cipher text. This type of attack is most generic for asymmetric cryptography, as the hacker can gain public key via cryptanalyst. The hacker can also choose cipher text attack that incorporates a cryptanalyst selecting a cipher text that seeks for a similar plaintext and decrypt oracle that is a machine for decrypting data without exposure of key. Moreover, an attack can be executed the attack on public key encryption, as it initiate with a cipher text and seeks for similar matched plaintext data available publically. Adaptive attacks (Krawczyk) can also be used, as these attacks incorporate a cryptanalyst that selects plaintext or cipher text on the basis of previous results. Side channel attacks can also be utilized for data available in a mission critical workstation. These types of attacks extracts information associated with the physical deployment of cryptographic algorithm along with the hardware utilized for encrypting or decrypting data. These cryptographic methods mentioned earlier presume that access to plain text and ciph er text is available to cryptanalyst and often to both types of data along with a possibility of cryptographic algorithms. Moreover, a side channel attack initiated by the hacker can expand its scope such as CPU cycles utilize or time taken for

Ankle syndesmotic injuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Ankle syndesmotic injuries - Research Paper Example Ankle syndesmosis injuries are not very common disruptions. Most of the time, rupture in the syndesmosis is seen in the deltoid ligament injury and fractures in the malleoli (Chow, p. 663). Such contributory related injuries lead to a higher possibility of syndesmosis involvement based on the understanding of the mechanism of injury (Chow, p. 663). However, ankle sprains with possible syndesmosis injuries can lead to a longer period of recovery from initial mild injuries. With better detection and early recognition methods, early detection may lead to improved outcomes of treatment. In understanding ankle syndesmosis injuries, there is a need to review the anatomical relationships in the ankle area. There are three separate ligaments in the distal tibiofibular sydesmosis, namely, the anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL), the posterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL), and the interosseous ligament. Syndesmosis injury is seen with the â€Å"external rotation of the foot that causes a diastasis of the tibiofibular joint due to pressure exerted by the talus† (Chow, p. 663). The ankle may be in a position of either full dorsiflexion or plantarflexion during the injury. These positions often place much tension on the ligaments, hence, causing the injury. High ankle sprains occur at an incidence rate of 1 to 11% of soft-tissue ankle damages (Chow, p. 663). These rates vary based on athlete injury rates. Nevertheless, its yearly incidence rate is at 15 cases per 100,000 of the general population (van den Bekerom, et.al., p. 456). For athletes, the incidence rate is higher because their activities mostly involve â€Å"planting the foot and then cutting motions as well as direct blows to the lateral ankle† (Porter, p. 575). Accurate rates for ankle syndemosis injuries are not available because reporting processes do not present accurate figures which cover all cases; however, relative estimates are

Housing and homelessness Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Housing and homelessness - Coursework Example In the present day context, homelessness along with housing need is considered to be a social issue, which hampers the economic growth and stability of a country at large. The members of social care services provide affordable housing to people to secure their life and reduce health issues that lead towards the development of a healthy society (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to determine whether addressing and alleviating housing need is a part of social care policy and practice with focus on evaluating evidences and providing valid justifications. With the advent of globalisation, the lifestyle of people and economies of scale have changed by a considerable extent. The issue of homelessness and housing need is identified to s increase considerably that have been affecting the lives of the individuals and rising social issues. It will be vital to mention that in this present day context, the issue concerning homelessness must have ‘no place in the society’. Justifiably, homelessness is duly considered to be one of the social issues, which affects human civilisation and economy at large. It is observed in several countries that people live in the streets as they have no place for taking shelter. With reference to the census of 2011 in Queensland, UK, it was witnessed that about 19858 people lived in the streets as they were homeless (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). The issue concerning homelessness resembles the fact that the people are unable to afford a house for themselves, which is mainly because of increasing unemployment. This in turn elevates the poverty level, which is recognised as a social issue and thus utmost attention is provided to eradicate the same. Therefore, in this context, it can be inferred that assisting people in terms of offering them with street based help or

Compare Job and Gilgamesh as suffering heroes, as they search for Essay

Compare Job and Gilgamesh as suffering heroes, as they search for understanding, and come to accept the limits of their human co - Essay Example The Book of Job and the Epic of Gilgamesh were set around the 13th century before Christ, and both stories were placed in the region of ancient Mesopotamia. Both stories have a great deal of religious themes, although the Epic of Gilgamesh leans more on the mythological side while the Book of Job maintains a more spiritual-religious tone and message. It should also be noted that there are differences with regards to the culture of the ancient Sumerians and the Israelites. The ancient Sumerians were very much a polytheistic culture that made a society and civilization that revolved around the worship of its many deities and mythical heroes. Gilgamesh, for example, is taken in high regard of worship by ancient Sumerians. On the other hand, Israelite or Hebrew culture was very monotheistic. The Hebrews believed that there is only one true God, in their language Yahweh or Jehovah, and He is the Lord of everything and His Will is supreme and good. Israelite society centers on this in the sense that they worship no other being or thing other than God Himself, and submit to completely to His Will. In understanding each story’s civilization and cultural background, it would be easier to understand the parallels between the two. The first contrast between the story of Gilgamesh and Job is who the characters are in the nature of their portrayal. According to ancient Sumerian mythological tradition, Gilgamesh is a semi-divine, or demi-god, of extraordinary strength and was also one of the great kings of Uruk. Gilgamesh could be described as a proud, powerful and confident in personality based on his character in the Epics written about him. Gilgamesh is also an adventurer as much as he was a king, and went into many arduous and sometimes dangerous exploits with his man-beast friend Enkidu. To say the least, Gilgamesh was every bit as warrior like as much and kingly. On the other hand, the Hebrew Job is in far contrast to Gilgamesh. Job is a complete human being wit h no supernatural powers. Although not a mighty king Job is considered to be a very wealthy man, with large livestock herds, and a large and healthy family by ancient Hebrew standards. Unlike the ancient Sumerians, the Israelites did not settle is fortified city-kingdoms and were nomadic in nature. Instead, the Israelites would establish nomadic communities on lands that were fertile enough to support the habitation of both people and livestock. Since Job had a healthy and growing number of both livestock and his family, he most certainly had even larger tracts of fertile land for him to support that kind of population. Job would spend most of his time with his family in agriculture and livestock raising, living a pastoral and peaceful life. Now, the reasons why both Job and Gilgamesh were given suffering also differ. In the case of Gilgamesh, it was more of divine retribution. The fact that the exploits of Gilgamesh and Enkidu affected the disposition of the Sumerian deities was of no small matter. It is as Ferguson noted that Gilgamesh is especially proud of his expedition with Enkidu to the cedar mountain in which he killed the guardian and chopped down the sacred cedar† (327). In the case of Job, suffering was brought unto him as a test of his faith to Yahweh and also a test of his character. Gilgamesh lost his closest friend

Housing and homelessness Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Housing and homelessness - Coursework Example In the present day context, homelessness along with housing need is considered to be a social issue, which hampers the economic growth and stability of a country at large. The members of social care services provide affordable housing to people to secure their life and reduce health issues that lead towards the development of a healthy society (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to determine whether addressing and alleviating housing need is a part of social care policy and practice with focus on evaluating evidences and providing valid justifications. With the advent of globalisation, the lifestyle of people and economies of scale have changed by a considerable extent. The issue of homelessness and housing need is identified to s increase considerably that have been affecting the lives of the individuals and rising social issues. It will be vital to mention that in this present day context, the issue concerning homelessness must have ‘no place in the society’. Justifiably, homelessness is duly considered to be one of the social issues, which affects human civilisation and economy at large. It is observed in several countries that people live in the streets as they have no place for taking shelter. With reference to the census of 2011 in Queensland, UK, it was witnessed that about 19858 people lived in the streets as they were homeless (Department of Housing and Public Works, 2014). The issue concerning homelessness resembles the fact that the people are unable to afford a house for themselves, which is mainly because of increasing unemployment. This in turn elevates the poverty level, which is recognised as a social issue and thus utmost attention is provided to eradicate the same. Therefore, in this context, it can be inferred that assisting people in terms of offering them with street based help or

Personal Finance Case- develop a solution a road map advice for the Case Study

Personal Finance - develop a solution a road map advice for the families - Case Study Example Their credit card debt is an indication that Bruce and Faith are living beyond their means. This is supported by the fact that they do not have any cash savings with them. It is important for this couple to save at least ten percent of their earnings and hold it in liquid cash so that it can cover any emergencies since their assets cannot be easily liquidated. Bruce and Faith should consider travelling to shorter destinations and drop their plans for a new car that they are to planning to buy. This will assist them save money to pay their mortgage and meet the expenses that come as a result of late parenthood. They can also consider cutting their expenditure for their daughter’s wedding by half and use that money to increase their bank savings. This will increase their net worth. The couple should also consider using both their employer’s health covers, take up disability insurance cover and have a retirement account. This will reduce their taxable income. If the couple gets the one hundred and fifty thousand dollar inheritance from Faith’s father, they should use it to clear their mortgage and other debts. The remaining amount should be put in long term investment to increase their net worth. An overview of Peggy Brie’s case shows that though widowed at an age that is eight years below the average widow age, she can meet her financial obligations without too much struggle. Her strategy should be to use the amounts from her husband’s life insurance policy, IRA and inheritance to clear her debts. This will result in an increased disposable income for her as almost half of her salary goes to paying debts. If she manages to do this, then her worries about how to maintain her house will be over as she will be able to live comfortably with her children. Brie should go ahead and use her husband’s life insurance policy funds to pay for her mortgages so that she can be able to use

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay The global exchange of capital, goods and services also referred to as national trade is the pre-dominant part of all economies. Advancement in time of transportation, transnational corporations, globalization and outsourcing practices have led to the growth and importance of international trade (Anderson et al, 1993). This importance accrues from the amount of revenue this trade generates. The importance of this trade is apparent in the amount of money, time, human and other resources that go into the planning of global trade affairs (Bhagwati, 1992). Entire ministries and budgets are dedicated to prepare transnational trade efforts. Memberships to regional trade bodies such as the European Union receive higher priority than political alliances while negotiation of trade treaties takes more of the leadership’s time (Dixit et al, 1980). In addition to political envoys, governments have trade consuls in other nations (Mattli, 1999). It is thus alarming for a country to realize that her international trade position is not attaining the targets that would indicate prosperity. The UK is one of such whereby her deficit in goods and services has risen from 2. 2 to 3. 5 billion pounds between august and September 2009. The deficit with European Union countries widened in the same period. while that with non European countries replicated the downward trend. It is also reported that except for Oil and erratic commodities, the volume of exports in September was 0. 2 percent lower than the previous months with imports being higher by 4. 1 percent (ONS, 2009). This indicates an alarming trend which the concerned departments need to look into. Perhaps the downturn is due to external factors that might be within reach or not. However trade policy needs to be reviewed to check this spiral. This is especially to deal with identification of new global markets that can be used to add to the export tally thereby reducing the deficit. A look at theories of trade can assist in identifying new markets and potential angles that can be exploited to correct the adverse situation. International Trade Theories There are two broad themes in theories of international trade. The qualitative theories explain a countrys trade patterns, that is which products are traded and why. Instances are absolute advantage and comparative advantage. There are also quantitative theories that explain the terms of trade for instance relative prices of exports and imports in the trading activities. Changes in data such as factor supplies, technology, trade policy and global trends also come in as quantitative themes. More importantly in these quantitative analyses, there is consistent use of the general equilibrium (Dixit et al, 1980). The Mercantilist Theory. This is a qualitative theme in international trade. It postulates that while exporting is good for a country, importing is to be avoided. This rationale is based on the assumption of fact that revenue from exports is in gold standard currency. Thus accumulation of sufficient gold reserves can only be achieved through high rates of export. Mercantilism argued for close government regulation for two reasons: to maintain a favourable balance of trade thereby advancing aggressive export with restrictive import policies; and to promote the processing of raw materials at home instead of importing manufactured goods, which would distort production and employment at home. This is a classical theory that ignores not only the benefits of importing but also the reality that no country is self sufficient thus a need to import is inherent. An example of application is the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs where Canadian traders have been informed that the Embassys mandate is to help exporters and non-disclosure of import relevant information. Absolute Advantage. Smith’s Theory of Absolute Advantage stated that countries should concentrate on producing what they are best at; that is products that they have absolute advantage in, Incentive to trade among countries is therefore created since each specializes in one product. Also as a classical theory, it is applicability is scant. In summary Smiths theory stated that unilateral trade liberalisation would be an advantageous policy for a country to follow, irrespective of the trade policies pursued by other countries. A drawback in Smiths postulation is if a nation has no absolute advantage over any of her potential trading partners with respect to any goods or services, then it means international trade is of no relevance to her (Dixit et al, 1980). Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage as developed by David Ricardo in his book, ‘The Principles of Political Economy’, is an improvement of the Absolute advantage theory. It declares that countries can trade without absolute advantage. They need comparative advantage where the relative cost of producing and exporting a product varies between trade partners. There are still benefits even if one trading partner is absolutely better in production. Comparative advantage has been the prevailing applied concept. It indicates that if two countries engage in trade, each will have the incentive to increase production, and decrease consumption, of goods in which it has the lower relative marginal cost prior to trade than the others. For instance if Britain has competitive equilibrium prices of 300 pounds per TV set and 4 pounds per bottle of whisky, while Japan has corresponding prices of 100000 and 2000 yen respectively, then ceteris peribus, if Britain produces one TV less then she would be able to utilise the freed resources to produce another 75 bottles of whisky. Japan on the other hand is able to produce one more TV set by freeing redeploying resources used to produce 50 bottles of whisky. It is to their mutual interest to do so since the pre-trade, relative price of a TV set is 50 bottles of whisky in Japan and 75 similar bottles in Britain. This is an inducement to Japan to expand TV production for export to Britain and import whisky from her. Presumably the relative price after commencement of trade will settle at between 50 and 75. The Ricardian Model assumes technology variations between nations. The assumptions in summary are: labor is the sole primary factor of production; Labor has constant returns; there is limited labor in respective economies; Mobility of labor across industries rather than countries; perfect competition situation. This theory has in modern times been reviewed to include intermediate goods, that is, capital goods for instance machinery thereby adjusting the labor only notion. These intermediate goods are tradable across countries in the current global situation (Dixit et al, 1980). Factors Endowment. Ricardos Comparative advantage theory was modified by Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem, also the Factor Proportions Hypothesis. Here a country should export products that are produced using factors that it is relatively well bestowed with. This is a separate theory but it also gives an explanation on the underlying factors as to comparative advantage. In each country, the factor that is relatively abundant is relatively cheaper. Also the good that is relatively intensive in using this factor this is relatively cheaper. Thus a country is expected to have comparative advantage in products that are intensive in the use of factors that are relatively abundant in supply. The H-O model assumed: inter sector factor mobility; distinction between labour and capital intensive; Factor variation between countries; free trade; and trans-country technology homogeneity. It however does not incorporate trade in intermediate goods. It was later challenged by the work of Wasilly Leontief who discovered that The US exported less capital intensive than it imported labour intensive products, also the Leontief’s paradox (Trebilcock et al, 2005). Contemporary Theories These include: the specific factors theory where in the short run mobility between industries in labor is possible and not possible in capital. It resembles a short run H-O model. If there is an increase in the price of a product then the owners of the factor specific to that product will profit in real terms; the new trade theory seeks to cater for the fact deficiencies of the two main approaches. That a lot of trade occurs between countries with identical factor of production endowment and the high level of multinational production, or foreign investment; the Gravity model that proffers an empirical analysis of international trade trends rather than the theoretical approaches detailed. It projects trade patterns on the basis of the distance between the nations and their economic size interaction. It imitates the law of gravity that factors distance and size. It considers factors such as levels of income, diplomatic ties and respective trade policy (Trebilcock et al, 2005). Emerging markets are nations described to be undergoing rapid growth and industrialisation in social and business activity. The concerned nations are usually said to be in a transition to fully developed status. Data on these countries has been compiled and a list of the top economics proffered. Examples of the dominant emerging economies are Brazil, Russia, India and China. They have been given the acronym, BRIC. Included are: Latin American countries such as Argentina; Asian countries such as South Korea; Russia in Eastern Europe; some in the Middle East; and parts of Africa for Instance South Africa. Lately though there have been shifts for instance Mexico has edged into the top four in terms of investment and development pushing ahead of Brazil. However China and India still dominate the list as the emerging markets with the best opportunities. As a factor of their GDP, population size, growth potential and level of imports (World Bank, 2000). These markets are characterised by robust economic growth, resulting in a rise in GDP and disposable income. Political and social stability is also an important indicator and condition for this categorisation. This implies that the population is able to purchase previously un-affordable goods and services . However quite a part of these countries population remain poor. International companies are presented with a large untapped market, providing them with an opportunity for market and financial growth. Luxury products such as high-end automobiles, designer clothing, and other Veblen goods benefit from such; but it is every day luxuries such as cell phones and brand name food products that reap the most from these markets.

Diversity Management: Case Studies

Diversity Management: Case Studies The role of the Human Resource Manager is evolving with the change in competitive market environment and the realization that Human Resource Management must play a more strategic role in the success of an organization. Organizations that do not put their emphasis on attracting and retaining talents may find themselves in dire consequences, as their competitors may be outplaying them in the strategic employment of their human resources. With the increase in competition, locally or globally, organizations must become more adaptable, resilient, agile, and customer-focused to succeed. And within this change in environment, the HR professional has to evolve to become a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate, and a change mentor within the organization. In order to succeed, HR must be a business driven function with a thorough understanding of the organizations big picture and be able to influence key decisions and policies. In general, the focus of todays HR Manager is on strategic personnel retention and talents development. HR professionals will be coaches, counsellors, mentors, and succession planners to help motivate organizations members and their loyalty. The HR manager will also promote and fight for values, ethics, beliefs, and spirituality within their organizations, especially in the diversity management. This assignment will highlight critically on what are best practices of diversity management are in the contemporary Organizations. Can HRM meet the challenges of diversity management, how to motivate employees through gain-sharing and executive information system through proper planning, organizing, leading and controlling their human resources? Diversity Management Introduction Diversity management developed as a concept in the late 1980s in North America and concept gained popularity as a new management approach in the United Kingdom and also continued with the same because of persistent social and economic climate. Now days it is requisite for any successful workplace strategy due competitive pressures on organisation to sustain and improve economic performance and the changing expectations and aspirations of society. The increasing pressure is forcing attention on the requirement to address contextual realities, which have been ignored for the years. The diversity management implications of this are an employee composed of white, heterosexual, able-bodied males is now out of date as it does not reflect the correct mixture of current labour market. When people think of diversity, they think of first ethnicity and race, and then gender; however, diversity is much broader than that. Dimensions of diversity include, but are not limited to: age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience. Its important to understand how these dimensions affect performance, motivation, success, and interactions with others. Institutional structures and practices that have presented barriers to some dimensions of diversity should be examined, challenged, and removed. The Basic concept of managing diversity accepts that the workforce consists of a diverse population of people. The diversity consists of visible and non-visible differences which will include factors such as sex, age, background, race, disability, personality, work style. It is founded on the premise that harnessing these differences will create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, where their talents are being fully utilised and in which organisational goals are met. (kandola and fullerton 1998) Business Case of Diversity Management Key facts about employment and people with disabilities 65% of people with a learning disability would like a job. 48% of people with disabilities are in employment. 6.8% of adults with learning disabilities known to Social Services are in any kind of paid employment. As many as 2.5 million disabled men and women are without work in Britain. Research conducted by the Department of work and Pensions concluded that it would not be possible to support oneself on earnings alone if a person is working less than 16 hours per week. 3.4% of people with a serious mental health need are in paid employment. Nearly one in five people of working age (7 million, or 18.6%) in Great Britain has a disability. Discovering the hidden workforce It is clear from the fact that a large number of people with disabilities are unemployed however would like to work. Defining disability A physical, sensory or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term (more than 12 months) effect on normal day to day activities (anonymous. (2011). The Business Case for Diversity Management. Available: http://base-uk.org/employers-business-case. Last accessed) The business case for employing a person with a disability and engaging with a supported employment agency The average cost of recruitment across the UK is estimated to be  £5-7k per vacancy. His figure includes (advertising the vacancy, preparing and processing applications, screening candidates, interviewing candidates and training process. If at the first attempt to recruit, the wrong candidate is selected for the job then the cost may increase substantially. The legal case Since the introduction and implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act in 1995 and following amendments over the years organizations have a legal duty to comply with the law and not discriminate against people with disabilities. If a person has stated a disability the organization would be required to consider making an appropriate alteration to ensure that they are able to receive quality services, products and fair treatment in employment. The moral case Organizations more aware of their reputation in the communities they share and serve. Boards of directors should be involved with developing a corporate vision and producing statements that present an image to the public of being a caring organization and caring employer. Best Practices for Managing Organizational Diversity Best practises are the practises which are appropriate under the circumstances especially as considered acceptable and regulated in business (Patricia A. Kreitz. (2008). Best Practices for Managing Organizational Diversity. Available: www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-12499.pdf. Last accessed 02nd Dec 2011. ). Techniques or methodologies that through experience and research have reliably led to desired or optimum results. Best practices in the field of diversity management are often derived from systematic and careful reflection of hard work and practical experience. Top leadership commitment a vision of diversity demonstrated and communicated throughout an organization by top-level management. Diversity as part of an organizations strategic plan a diversity strategy and plan that are developed and aligned with the organizations strategic plan. Diversity linked to performance the understanding that a more diverse and inclusive work environment can yield greater productivity and help improve individual and organizational performance. Measurement a set of quantitative and qualitative measures of the impact of various aspects of an overall diversity program. Accountability the means to ensure that leaders are responsible for diversity by linking their performance assessment and compensation to the progress of diversity initiatives. Succession planning an ongoing, strategic process for identifying a diverse talent pool and developing them into an organizations potential future leaders. Recruitment the process of attracting a supply of qualified, diverse applicants for employment. Employee involvement employees contributions in driving diversity throughout an organization. Diversity training organizational efforts to inform and educate management and staff about diversitys benefits to the organization. Case Study 1- Sainsburys Supermarkets Sainsburys supermarket is one of Britains largest food retailers, with an annual turnover of approximately  £11.5 billion. The company trades from Aberdeen to Truro, employing in excess of 127000 people. Sainsburys has a long-standing commitment to achieving equal employment opportunities. It is an active member of Opportunity 2000, the Employers Forum on Disability and the National Mentoring Scheme for Ethnic Minority students, by whom it was awarded the Employer of the Year in 1996. Women employees outnumber men by two to one in the company. People from ethnic minorities represent 8.5 per cent of the total workforce. Women managers account for approximately 40 per cent of managers and ethnic minorities for 4.2 per cent. The company is reviewing how it monitors employees with disabilities it the light of the Disability Discrimination Act. A number of equality measures have been introduced by the company over the last decade including a career break scheme, paternity leave and part -time working at managerial level. Until now Sainsburys approach to promoting equality was based on similar formulae to those adopted by a number of other large UK companies. Firstly the company ensured compliance with legislation followed by positive action initiatives targeted at women and people with disabilities. Sainsbury has also modified its equality and diversity policy and introduced a fair treatment policy. The two pillars on which positive long term relationship between the company and its employee are built. The company is also developing an approach to disability which takes account of the increasing public interest in ensuring accessibility for customers with disabilities. The result of the same is treated as companies reputation as a provider of high standards of service to customer with disabilities. (Anonymous. (1999). Institute of personnel and development. Managing Diversity. 1 (1), 46.) Case Study 2- Ernst Young Ernst Young continues to be a diversity-management leader in talent development and the innovative use of its people to connect with clients globally and domestically. Under the leadership of chairman and CEO James Turley and Americas Managing Partner Steve Howe, the firm has put its diversity-management efforts in the capable hands of Americas inclusiveness officer Billie Williamson, a true business leader. (Anonymous. (2011). THE 2011 DIVERSITYINC TOP 50 LIST. Available: http://diversityinc.com/the-2011-diversityinc-top-50/no-5-ernst-young-2/. Last accessed 03rd Dec 2011.) The firm aligns its executives goals with each executive developing a personal scorecard that has inclusiveness as one of two global transformational priorities. The Americas level Balanced scorecard applies to each partner, principal and executive. The compensation is also affected by the ethnicity and gender inclusive snapshots, which track more than 20 metrics on the progress of women, latinos, Asians and American Indians. Metrics include headcount, retention, promotions, partner pipeline, recruiting, flexible work arrangements, and participation in high potential development programs, survey scores and client assignments. Ernst and young has extraordinary benefits, including generous domestic partners, such as weekend travel expenses for partners for out of town multiweek assignments and six weeks of paid parental leave for primary care providers including men and adoptive parents. The company continues its strong talent development with best and varied mentoring programs, includ ing Nextgen, career watch, Tax excellence program, Diversity mentoring program and cultural and cultural connections. Mentoring offering are available across the entire company. And also include cultural awareness training for participants which few are doing till now. Ernst and Young have extremely firm employee resource. With fifty percent of its employees are participating in them and thirty percent in more than one single group. The groups are always in search of identify and nurture talent and are involved in the on boarding process of new employees. Employee resource group success is measured in different ways e.g. promotion, retention, engagement and contribution to the business. Each group has an executive sponsor who is responsible for showing the groups contribution to the business. In conclusion Ernst and Young continue to demonstrate consistent progress in building diversity into its global business goals. Critical Discussion There  is evidence that workforce diversity improves organisational effectiveness through increased organisational and individual creativity and innovation, and also improves decision making and problem solving by problem solving by providing work teams with different and diverse perspectives. Diversity Management is one of the important strategic organizational goals which interact with all other aspects of the business e.g. Leadership, Management practices, human resources, product development, marketing and sales, financial projections, and community and global communications. Just having diversity does not by itself guarantee that the business will be successful or also it does not guarantee qualitative social and creative improvement. Research has proved that by mare changing the structure of the workforce will not lead to business success. On the other hand in some instances workforce diversity may even undermine business performance. The negative results of managing diversity can be low morale, ambiguity, conflict and tension, communication problems, confusion. The diversity might create discomfort for few members of workforce and result in lower organisational attachment and integration. Still there is possibility that even if diversity leads to better performance the cost of co-ordinating diverse workforces can block the advantages. There is also difficulty of merging different styles, values and attitudes which we can find in teams with diverse members. If it is not managed effectively then diversity can create internal processes that can cause dela y in the decision making and keep members from concentrating on the task. The teams which are made up of individuals from different thought may find it difficult to develop a shared purpose and an efficient group process. The employees who are working together they will maintain their diverse culture, distinct identities and separate lifestyles. Managers must learn to with their diverse pool of behaviours. Organisations can secure lead in the marketplace when they have effective Human Resource Management practises and diversity initiatives that accepts differences, create preferred places to work, values equality. The gender and sexuality are central to all workplace power relations and that the boss and secretary relationship provides the most vivid example of this. In case disabled people managers often justify decision not to employ them on the grounds that the necessary workplace adjustments would increase their operating expenses though equality and diversity initiatives often have a cost associated with them. Case study Diversity training often triggers workplace conflict and lawsuits, by compelling employees to talk about contentious racial or sexual issues, with resulting acrimony, and remarks that are misinterpreted or perceived as racially or sexually biased. For example, in Stender v. Lucky Stores (1992), statements made by managers during sensitivity training were held by a court to be admissible as evidence of discriminatory intent within the organization. That prevented the employer from getting a lawsuit dismissed. Conclusion The role of the Human Resource manager must parallel the needs of the changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more resilient, adaptable, quick to change policies, and customer centric. Within this environment, the HR professional must learn how to manage effectively through planning, organizing, leading and controlling the human resource and be knowledgeable of emerging trends in training and employee development. Organizations can be strengthened by leveraging differences that mirror the diversity of its employees. Surveys have proved a positive impact on high performance where senior management teams include a diversity of ages, ethnicity, and gender. A diverse workforce also can improve organizational productivity and creativity. Managing a diverse workforce can be a challenge. When people from different backgrounds come together in the workplace, there is potential for great accomplishment, but also for great conflict. This paper has attempted to highlight th e diversity efforts of those organizations that are leaders in diversity management. Organizations will consider adopting some of the practices of those organizations that have been acknowledged as leaders in the diversity management area.

Scotland at the time of Robert Burns :: essays research papers

Burns was born just before George III came to the throne in 1760. America declared her independence when Burns was 17 and the Paris mob sacked the Bastille to start the French Revolution in 1789, when the poet was 30. Revolutionary ideas were in the air during the life of Burns and he was affected by this trend. Scotland and England had only finally joined through the Union of the Parliaments in1707 and there was still a resentment against the loss of independence which has continued to the present day. The years after the Union had not been quiet ones and rebellions had taken place in 1715 and 1745 ending in the disaster at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 which effectively destroyed the Jacobites and the clan system is in the Highlands, But by the second half of the eighteenth century things had begun slowly to change for the better in Scotland. Agriculture, industry and trade began to expand in the first stages of the Industrial Revolution which was to transform Scotland over the next hundred years. Around the time of Burns birth the average Scot lived in the country and worked the land. This average person would travel no more than 20 miles from their own birthplace in the course of their lifetime. When Burns wrote about the land described experiences that were real for the vast majority of the Scottish People who still struggled to make a living from it. At the time, from around 1740 onwards, Edinburgh became famous throughout Europe as a centre for philosophy, medicine, science and publishing during what came to be known as the "Scottish Enlightenment". Burns may have been born into a humble family but he wasn’t uneducated. He was well read in literature and politics, knew something of foreign languages and the classics and had a keen ear for music.

The old man in the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and the Sea Book report The title of this book is The Old Man and the Sea . The number of pages is 127. Copyright date is 1952(re-newel date is 1980). The type of book is fiction. This book takes place in the Gulf Stream, and its time is in the past. This book is told in third person point of view. One of the main character’s was an old Cuban man named Santiago who was thin, with deep wrinkles in the back if his neck and had scars on his hands from handling the fishing rope. The other character was a young boy named Manolin, which Santiago taught how to fish . Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him to go fishing with Santiago, he wants to help his friend at all times. Manolin does not act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive This book is about an old man who taught this young boy how to fish and the boy loved him. He even brought him fishing many times. But the past 84 days the old man had not caught one fish. After 40 days of not catching anything the boy left and fished on another boat. One day, the old man was out on the water fishing. He had caught the biggest marlin he had ever seen. He then had decided to tie the fish on to the boat when heading back. He notices a large mako shark that is coming after his fish. He gets his harpoon out ready to kill. The shark takes a chunk out of his fish and the old man harpoons and kills the shark but his harpoon broke. Now he was left only with a knife to protect what was left of the fish. The fish is now bleeding. A couple hours later on his voyage home, he sees to more sharks heading right for his fish. Both sharks take a chunk out of the fish but the old man manages to stab both sharks in the eye killing them. His fish was getting smaller and smaller because of the sharks. This time while stabbing the sharks in the eyes his knife breaks, now all he has to kill the sharks is a oar. If any more sharks come he is ruined. A couple more hours of sailing two more sharks come and eat the rest of his fish, leaving just the head and scales of the enormous fish he had. The old man in the sea :: essays research papers The Old Man and the Sea Book report The title of this book is The Old Man and the Sea . The number of pages is 127. Copyright date is 1952(re-newel date is 1980). The type of book is fiction. This book takes place in the Gulf Stream, and its time is in the past. This book is told in third person point of view. One of the main character’s was an old Cuban man named Santiago who was thin, with deep wrinkles in the back if his neck and had scars on his hands from handling the fishing rope. The other character was a young boy named Manolin, which Santiago taught how to fish . Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him to go fishing with Santiago, he wants to help his friend at all times. Manolin does not act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive This book is about an old man who taught this young boy how to fish and the boy loved him. He even brought him fishing many times. But the past 84 days the old man had not caught one fish. After 40 days of not catching anything the boy left and fished on another boat. One day, the old man was out on the water fishing. He had caught the biggest marlin he had ever seen. He then had decided to tie the fish on to the boat when heading back. He notices a large mako shark that is coming after his fish. He gets his harpoon out ready to kill. The shark takes a chunk out of his fish and the old man harpoons and kills the shark but his harpoon broke. Now he was left only with a knife to protect what was left of the fish. The fish is now bleeding. A couple hours later on his voyage home, he sees to more sharks heading right for his fish. Both sharks take a chunk out of the fish but the old man manages to stab both sharks in the eye killing them. His fish was getting smaller and smaller because of the sharks. This time while stabbing the sharks in the eyes his knife breaks, now all he has to kill the sharks is a oar. If any more sharks come he is ruined. A couple more hours of sailing two more sharks come and eat the rest of his fish, leaving just the head and scales of the enormous fish he had.

Book report: sula Essay

Sula is a novel written by Toni Morrison about uncertainty. The novel embarks into the ideas of good and evil and how these two can sometimes become similar. The novel looks into the unsolved mysteries of human emotions and relationships. In the end, the author ultimately concludes that social conventions are insufficient as a basis in living one’s life and that there are far more significant matters to life than these. The novel (Sula, 2002) looks at the many different ways in which people employ to make their lives more meaningful by defying easy answers, signifying the ambiguity, beauty and terror of life, in its triumphs and horrors. The novel has been written by Morrison (2002) from the philosophical nature while having her personal insights or experiences fill some of the novel’s pages. She managed to show both good and evil and that two women can actually become one by presenting the lives of two friends who are the main protagonists. The novel revolves around Bottom which is a mostly black community in Ohio, located in the hills above the community of Medallion. The novel tells about the special friendship of Nel and Sula who come from varying levels. Nel is a product of a family that believes profoundly in social conventions. She comes from a stable home. Nel is unsure of the conservative life her mother, Helene, wants for her. Nel’s doubts become more pronounced when she meets her grandmother Rochelle, a former prostitute and the only unconventional woman in her family line. Meanwhile, Sula’s family is different from that of Nel. Sula lives with her grandmother, Eva and her mother, Hannah, who are being viewed by the people as eccentric and loose. Their house serves as a home for three informally adopted boys all named Dewey and a perpetual number of borders. Sula and Nel may be different but they become attached with each other during their adolescent years until a traumatic accident changed all that. Sula accidentally dropped a boy named Chicken Little in a river and drowned when she losses her grip to the boy as he swung him around her hands. The two never told anyone about the accident having no intention of harming the boy. Soon, they simply grew apart. Eventually, Nel married and settled into the conventional role of wife and mother. Sula, on the other hand, took a different path and lived a life of independence and total disdain for social conventions. When she left her community, Sula had many affairs with men, some of whom were white. When she found others doing the same routine, she easily got bored and went back to the Bottom and to her friend Nel after 10 years. Because of her past, the town regarded Sula as an epitome of evil because of her obvious disregard of social conventions. Sula will soon develop an affair with her friend’s husband Jude who later abandoned Nel. This led to the breakup of the friendship of the two characters. Sula’s evilness somehow improved the lives of people in the community by providing them the motivation to live harmoniously with one another. Sula and Nel renewed their friendship before the former died. The novel is filled with a string of colorful characters in the persons of the following. Cecile is Helene’s strict and religious grandmother. She raised Helene since birth and made her marry Wiley Wright who happens to be her grand nephew. Nel, meanwhile, is the daughter of Helene, who developed an intense friendship with Sula in her adolescent years Nel marries Jude in the novel and was later abandoned by him. The other characters are Chicken Little who is a neighborhood boy who Sula accidentally dropped into the river and drowned when Sula swung him around by his hands. The Deweys are Eva’s three adopted children she all named Dewey. The three looked different from each other but people somehow saw them looked alike. The Deweys did not grow into full adult size. Old Willy Fields is another character in the novel who is an elderly in the local hospital. Mr. Finley is a resident of the Bottom who choked to death from a chicken bone soon after Sula returned to the community. Jude Greene is Nel’s husband and works as a waiter in the Hotel Medallion. Ajax is the oldest from seven siblings who had lovers fighting over him Ajax’s only true loves were his mother, a conjure woman and airplanes. He had a distinct way of instilling the most ordinary words with power. BoyBoy peach was Eva’s husband who abandoned her when the three children were still small. Eva worked so hard to keep her family away from hunger. She later became the energetic matriarch over a busy household, which included Hannah, Sula, Ralph, Tar Baby, the Deweys, among others. Hannah Peace is Eva’s oldest child. She moved back in with her mother after her husband, Rekus, died when their daughter, Sula, was three years old. Like her mother, Hannah loves â€Å"maleness. † She has frequent, brief affairs with the men who take her fancy. Many women resent her, but they don’t hate her. Men don’t gossip about her because she is a kind and generous woman. They often defend her against the harsh words of their wives. Pearl is Eva’s second child who married at the tender age of 14 and moved to Flint, Michigan. Ralph, nicknamed Plum, is Eva’s youngest and best-loved child who fought in the First World War and returned home with disturbing memories and an addiction to heroin. Rekus was Hannah’s husband and Sula’s father who died when Sula was only three years old. The novel is an interesting read. Anyone can easily relate with the characters presented. Good and evil may seem different, but like Morrison (2002) emphasized, the two may also appear similar. We can look at it at the way we view life. The evil actually teaches us to be string individuals and they pose as challenges for us to take. Without them, we may not be able to achieve the ultimate goodness. Work Cited: Toni Morrison, Sula. Plume; Oprah edition (April 5, 2002)

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

The early 1920s art movement of surrealism was founded by Andre Breton, a French writer. Compared to other art groups or movements, surrealism focused on evoking the unconscious in painting. Members of this group showed immense importance in illustrating a â€Å"more profound reality revealed by the unconscious mind. † Most of the surrealists have unusual portrayal of images in their paintings. They create visuals that go â€Å"beyond mere painting to reach a new level of reality. † This extraordinary approach in creating a provocative image is derived from the surrealists’ dreams. The products of their subconscious mind combined with the concept of â€Å"enigma or mystery† have been their inspiration in producing eccentric but remarkable masterpieces (Artbeyondsight. com). One of the famous Surrealist painters who is well-known for his bizarre ideas and eccentric behaviors was Salvador Dali. Most of his artworks became and integral part in the advancement of the Surrealist aesthetic. His main objective was to â€Å"materialize images of concrete irrationality with the most imperialist fury of precision. More so, Dali’s paintings illustrated dream-like images but these were treated with precision and fine details that made the viewers enter a hallucinatory landscape. Dali named these paintings with dream and fantasy theme as â€Å"hand-painted dream photographs. † In these artworks, unusual placement of images and the modification of a specific form into another completely new form were evident. Because of this composition, it appears that most of Dali’s paintings defy the principle of Physics. He created images that represented the â€Å"irrational and unpredictable world of the dream† (Artbeyondsight. om). In the painting Persistence of Memory, Dali presented the unusual images of melted watches. Dali said that the elements present in this particular painting are â€Å"nothing else, but the Camembert cheese of space and time; tender, outlandish, solitary and critical-paranoiac† (3d-dali. com, 2008). This painting can be classified as a landscape painting, a self portrait or a still-life painting. It all depends on the viewers’ perception and knowledge on how to understand and interpret the painting. In terms of the visual elements exhibited, the background is a beach landscape while the foreground consists of the strange images of three melted pocket watches, the rectangular box and an animal-like creature. The unusual objects created a mysterious effect while the realistic lighting and coloring added a realness factor to the painting. At first glance, these may all seem meaningless and peculiar but if viewers would look closely and try to find out the rationale for putting these elements together, they could get a better grasp of understanding of the paintings and the inner workings of Dali’s mind. According to Robert Bradford, the bare, hard outline of the cliffs and the crystal light of the sky are there, but the empty, desert-like expanses of the painting are much closer to the topography of the min, to a dreamscape. The viewer’s anxiety is fermented precisely through the lack of clues of distance, of recognizable landmark, of time of day, of temperature-it could equally be as hot, or as cold as an unknown planet. We are in an arena of silence, a frozen nightmare, in which nothing moves or make a noise. (p. 146) Overall, the Persistence of Memory is an artwork that takes the viewers into a very interesting world wherein they are transported from the predictable realm of reality to a place filled with ambiguity and peculiarity. The techniques in coloring and brush strokes employed by Dali were conventional but it is the compositional aspects that stand out are the placement and the choice of objects displayed in the painting. This painting ingeniously juxtaposed the real with the make believe which are the primary characteristics of Surrealism. References 3d-dali.com. (2008). Salavador Dali Painitngs. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www.3d-dali.com/dali_paintings_analysis_interpretation.htm Artbeyondsight.com. (n.d.). Salvador Dali and Surrealism. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www.artbeyondsight.org/ahtts/dali-read.shtml Radford, R. (1997). Dali. London: Phaidon Press Ltd.